Impact of Gender on Academic Performance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Impact of Gender on Academic Performance - Essay Example Studies of gender differences in general academic performance are less conclusive. The results vary from no gender differences found. While conducting research there will be some ethical considerations. Before conducting the research the permission will be taken from the school management. Researcher’s personal biases and opinions should not get in the way of the research.Participants can be with draw any time if they want to quit. The results of the experiment will be kept confidential and researchers will use results with students’ permission for research purposes. Students should feel free to ask any question about the research and they will be provided with the outcome of the research. In this research the aim of the study is to analyse the difference in the academic performance of male and female students. Underlying the purpose and research question of the study conducted, the research design that was selected for the study is an exploratory correlational research design. The implementation of a correlational research design has permitted the researcher to explore and discover relationships amongst a large number of variables within a study. In correlational research, according Zechmeister et. al., the main purpose is to establish whether two variables are related, and if so, establish the direction of the observed relationship. In this research study we are going to analyse following research hypothesis: Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the academic performance of girls and boys.

Study on Movement Time of Individual After Stroke

Study on Movement Time of Individual After Stroke Case scenario A 25 year old male Patient who was apparently well 1 year ago when he met with an accident and got severe head injury, diagnosed with right hemiplegia, was hospitalized for 1 month. Presently Patient complains of, difficulty in getting up from bed, and difficulty in walking. Patient has flexor synergy in Upper limb and extensor synergy is in lower limb, Rom and strength for right is decrease, tone for upper limb and lower limb is increased , grade3 on MAS , reflexes are exaggerated. Presently, Patient is able to sit but only with support and need assistance in toileting and mobility. INTRODUCTION Activities of daily living is refers to those â€Å"sensory motor skills necessary for the performance of usual daily activity† (1). These sensory – motor skills under lie the task of daily self care such as feeding, dressing, hygiene and physical mobility that are known as basic activities of daily living (1). Any problem in performing the ADL can affect personal social life (1),as well as community mobility. Stroke is the sudden loss of neurological function caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain (1). Stroke can be caused by many reasons like traumatic, pathological etc. Post stroke patient deal with the variety of deficit like cognitive (1), sensory (3), motor (4), balance and coordination (5). All these components are necessary for the optimal performance of any ADL (6). In young population ADL can be affected because of several reasons, but now a days most common problem which young patient are facing is stroke(6) which affect their ADL in terms of transferring like sit to lie or lie to sits which is the basic activity in order to carry out any task. In this study time is measured for the individual to perform a particular activity. Time taken to perform any task measures several components like cognition (7), sensory (8), motor, balance and coordination (8). Any deficit in any one or all the components leads to increase in the time taken to perform any activity (7) (8) (9). Any deficit in cognition patient will have difficulty in interpreting the command given to patient which leads to increase in the time taken to perform the task. Any motor deficit and sensory deficit can cause difficulty in moving limbs and awareness about the orientation of the limbs. Balance and coordination deficit leads to decrease postural control, all these components will hinder the patient to perform the task at appropriate time (7) (8). Although there is no evidence or normative values are yet described which tells about the normal time taken by an individual to perform sit to lie and lie to sit activity. In order to rehabilitate the patient for sit to lie and lie to sit task, it is also necessary to see that at what degree of trunk flexion (0` or 45`) and with which side (dependent or non dependent) it is easy for the patient to perform task which is measured in terms of time taken by individuals to finish the task so that therapist can rehabilitate the patient with minimum difficulty. The normal timing taken by an individual to perform any task can be used both as a qualitative as well as quantitative. It helps to asses the various components of the deficit, and to rehabilitate the patients who have difficulty in performing ADL. Hence objective of this study is to measure the time taken to perform sit to lie and lie to sit activity at 0` and 45` of bed from dependent and non dependent side. This can be use to asses as well as rehabilitate the patient. NEED FOR STUDY Stroke in the young is particularly debilitating as the patient wants to get integrated into the society as early as possible. Also a unique requirement for stroke in the young is that the expectations and the society needs are different from the elderly when comparing community dwelling young adults vs. geriatric populations. There is no normative values are present in literature in order to find out the usual time taken by young individual to perform ADL. Sit to lie and lie to sit are basic bed mobility which patient with stroke generally encounter first. So in reference to these timing it is easy to asses as well as rehabilitate the patient in activities of daily living which is most important requirement of patients with stroke. LITERATURE REVIEW Lindmark B ,Hanrin E ,Tornquist K in 1920 conducted study on 207 stroke patient, they were tested after3 month and 1 year after the stroke, 183 survivors from the original population were assessed with standardized practical equipment which has 12 daily activities which is concerned with cognitive factor and coordination, hand function, mobility and balance . They did not find any significant difference, concluded that there is no difference in the performance of daily activities at 3 month and1 year after stroke and also found out that women had more difficulty in performing compare to men in performing mobility task (6). Podsiodlo D , Richardson S , in 1991 conducted study on 60 elderly patient(mean age 79.5 years) to find out TUG as test for basic functional activity, time is calculated for the patient to perform a rise from chair ,walk for 3 meters and then sit down again to perform a particular ADL, found out that TUG test is reliable and correlates well with berg balance scale and concluded that TUG test is reliable for evaluation of the ADL(10). Owsley C, Sloane M, Mc Gwin, Ball K. in 2001 conducted study on 173 older adults (65-90 yrs), which is large sample size in order to find out visual processing speed and correlation between memory and inductive reasoning with IADL ,time taken to perform the 5 IADL was calculated and found out that individual who have slow processing speed , takes more time to accomplish the task they concluded that cognition especially memory and reasoning are related to time taken to perform any ADL and it is useful in evaluating in cognition(8). Owsley, Cynthia, mcGWIN, Gerald Sloane, Michael E in 2001 conducted a study on 342 older adults who had visual impairment (58-86year) from eye clinic, to find out relation between visual function and time required to complete the IADL, under visual impairment –visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and useful field of view .17 IADL task which includes visual activity was evaluated with time taken. They concluded that visual function is necessary to achieve any ADL (9). Hsieh CL ,Shen CF,Hsueh IP, Wang CH in 2002 conducted a prospective study was on 169 stroke patient to find out relation between trunk control and ADL in early stage in stroke patient after6 month of stroke, postural assessment scale for stroke patient scale(PASS-TC) fugl meyer motor test and balance test was used to asses motor and balance respectively, patients were assessed at 14thday after stroke and 6 month. They concluded that trunk control is related to comprehensive ADL(11). Gregory T, Cullaghan A, Nettelback T ,Wilson C in 2009 conducted study on elderly people to examine whether early inspection time predict future problem in ADL , participant completed IT at baseline, 6 month,18 month and at 14 month after stroke, 2 group of 15 elderly with aged (74-88 years) are assessed for timed IADL, it shows that group with slower IT had poorer performance (took longer time to finish task)on more than half of the functional activity and concluded that slower IT shows difficulty in performing functional activity(12). Emma Barry, Rose Galvin, Claire Keogh, Frances Horgan and Tom Fahey in 2014 did a systemic review and metanalysis to find TUG is a predictor of risk of fall in older adult, a literature search of 25 in systemic review and 10 in metanalysis was done and TUG score> 13.5 sec was used to identify individual with high risk of falling and found out that TUG test has limited ability to predict to predict risk of fall in elderly (13). METHODOLOGY Study design: Cross- sectional study –a pilot study Sample size: n=30(50% male and 50% female) Type of sampling: convenience sampling Source of data collection: M.S. Ramaiah Medical College, Department of Physiotherapy. METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION: A cross- sectional study design was undertaken for the study. Young adult aged between 20 – 25 years fulfilling in M.S. Ramaiah medical college, department of physiotherapy were included in study. Convenience sampling was done and sample of 30 subjects were included in the study. Informed consent of all the 30 subjects are taken prior to undertaking the study and procedure was explained to them. Inclusion criteria: Mentioned conditions directly affect the time taken to perform a particular task. cognition is tested by checking memory reasoning and intelligence. 1. Aged between 20-25 years. 2. Subject should not have any pain, trauma, inflammation, fracture etc by history /reported. 3. Should not have any cognitive deficit. 4. Should have competed consent form. Exclusion criteria: Above mentioned condition can interfere in test and also affect the time taken to perform the  given task. Any reported trauma, inflammation, pain in lower back and lower limbs. History of Low back pain, knee pain. Intake of alcohol in last 24 hrs. Any history of hypotension while performing ADL. Any giddiness while performing IADL tasks Any cognitive or higher mental funti0n deficit. Materials used for the study: Stop watch Adjustable firm couch Height scale Weighing machine Test procedure: Demographic data of young adult was noted, including height, weight, gender etc. subjects to be tested was explained about the procedure of the test. Subjects are asked to sit at edge of bed. When start command was given, the subject had to lie down according to given instruction by using preferable speed to perform the activity, time taken for the subject to perform the sit to lie and lie to sit was noted down. Both these activities were performed at 0` and 45` of elevation of bed end, from dependent side as well as from independent side of elevation of bed end. Starting positions: Sitting Position: neck straight, head in midline, spine erect, Hands on a side, knee and hip at 90`, foot unsupported. Lying position: straight, head in midline, hands on sides, legs together, foot in a neutral position Task was observed from standing in front of patient. The same procedure was repeated and time is taken for 30 subjects, to find out normal value to perform sit to lie and lie to sit in young adult. Picture 1a: Firm and adjustable couch at 00. Picture1b: Firm and adjustable couch  at 450. PICTURE 2a: Starting position at 00 PICTURE 2b: Starting position at  00(side view). Picture 3: Starting position at 450 PICTURE 4a: Final position of sit to lie at 00 PICTURE 4b: Final position of lie to sit 45` Picture5: During test Data Analysis Statistical analysis: Microsoft word and Excel were used to generate data and graphs. Statistical Tests: mean, mode, median of time taken to perform the sit to lie and lie to sit activity was calculated for 30 subjects. Mean is taken to as average time taken to perform the task. t –test was done to compare the values of sit to lie and lie to sit from dependent and non dependent at 0` and 45`. RESULT A cross sectional study consisting of 30 normal healthy young adult is taken to find out the normal time taken by younger individual to perform sit to lie and lie to sit at 00and 450from dependent and non dependent side. This graph is showing average time taken to perform sit to lie and lie to sit. The values of sit to lie and lie to sit which are not showing any statistical significance depending on different side and angle of trunk flexion. Table2: t and p value of the average of time taken to perform sit to lie and lie to sit. t- scorep-score Sit to lieND(00) vs. ND(450)0.7040.483 D(00) vs. ND(450)1.0100.318 ND(00) vs. D(450)-1.0470.299 D(00) vs. D(450)1.3550.180 ND(0) vs. D(0)-0.4090.683 ND(45) vs. D(45)0.7040.483 Lie to sitND(00) vs. ND(450)1.6330.107 D(00) vs. ND(450)1.1700.246 ND(00) vs. D(450)1.5810.119 D(00) vs. D(450)1.1040.273 ND(00) vs. D(00)0.4880.626 ND(450) vs. D(450)-0.1160.907 Sit to lie vs. Lie to sitND(00) vs. ND(00)0.0270.978 D(00) vs. D(00)0.9330.354 ND(450) vs. ND(450)1.1600.250 D(450) vs. D(450)0.9470.347 Table2 the t value and p value are showed non of the data have p value Table 3: Comparison between 00 and 450 in sit to lie and lie to sit. 00450 Sit to lieND (3.497)ND(3.366) D(3.565)ND(3.366) ND(3.497)D(3.321) D(3.565)D(3.216) Lie to sitND(3.491)D(3.156) D(3.375)ND(3.136) D(3.345)D(3.156) ND(3.491)ND(3.156) Above table is showing the comparison between average time taken at 00 and 450. There is not significant difference between the time taken by subject in sit to lie and lie to sit from 00and 450. Figure2a: 00 vs. 450 from sit to lie Figure2b: 00 vs. 450 from lie to sit Given figure 2a is showing comparison of mean time taken to sit to lie from 00 and 450 which is not statistically significant(p Table 4: Comparison between the averages of time taken from dependent vs. non dependent side. Non Dependent Side (sec)Dependent (sec) Sit to lie 450(3.366)450(3.321) 00(3.497)450(3.321) 450(3.366)00(3.565) 00(3.497)00(3.565) Lie to Sit450(3.136)450(3.156) 00(3.491)450(3.156) 450(3.136)00(3.375) 00(3.491)00(3.375) This table presents the comparison between dependent vs. non dependent side from sit to lie and lie , average mean of the sit to lie and lie to sit are statistically not significant , P >0.05 , hence no suitable value can be concluded from this present data. Figure3a: Dependent vs. Non Dependent Figure3b: Dependent vs. Non Dependent from sit to lie. from lie to sit Given fig 3a is showing the comparison between dependent vs. non dependent from sit to lie and fig3b. From, the t scores of these data is not showing any statistical significance (p>0.05). Table 5: Comparison between average time taken in sit to lie vs. lie to sit. Sit to lie vs. lie to sitSit to lie in (sec)Lie to sit in (sec) Nondependent (00)3.4973.491 Dependent(00)3.5653.375 Nondependent(450)3.3663.136 Dependent(450)3.3213.156 This table presents the comparison between the average time taken from sit to lie vs. lie to sit. Statistically these values are not significant (p>0.05). Figure 4: comparison between time taken from sit to lie vs. lie to sit Figure 4: showing the comparison between the time taken from sit to lie vs. lie to sit which is statistically not significant hence is not showing any difference in time taken to perform both these activities. TABLE 6; Average of mean value for sit to lie and lie to sit from dependent and non dependent side at 00 and 450 Mean values Sit to lieNon Dependent(0)3.50 Dependent(0)3.57 Non Dependent(45)3.37 Dependent(45)3.32 Lie to sitNon Dependent(0)3.49 Dependent(0)3.37 Non Dependent(45)3.14 Dependent(45)3.16 Average3.36 In table6, the average of all mean time taken to perform sit to lie and lie to sit, as it is not any statistical significance ,so there is no difference in time taken to perform this task. DISCUSSION The time taken by young adult (20-25 years) to perform sit to lie and lie to sit from dependent and non dependent side at 00 and 450 of trunk flexion has done to find out the normal time taken by young adult to perform this particular activity. This activity is a basic mobility which the stroke patient encounter first and also find difficult to do. Timing of these activity measures cognition, sensory, motor, balance and coordination component of the patient which will help to find out the level of functional activity in reference to the time taken to accomplish the given activity. Activity was measured at different angle of trunk flexion (00 and 450) a well as from different side (dependent and non dependent). Before the study it was assumed that from dependent side it is easy to accomplish the task, as well as from 450 it is easy to lie down as well as get up as therefore should take less time to finish the task, as at 450 the length tension relationship is good and it provide extra leverage to come against gravity, in 450 as the muscle is in tension, muscle fiber recruitment is more. Getting up from dependent side was hypothesized to be easier as compare to nondependent. It was also assumed that as sit to lie and lie to sit are two different activities so time taken to perform both these activity will be different. In our study, on analyzing the result of table 2 ( t – test of the average of the time taken to perform the sit to lie and lie to sit at different plane) is observed that p-value of mean score of time taken to perform sit to lie and lie to sit is statistically not significant. Values at different plane is statistically not significant that may be because of the small sample size as well as population age. Good strength in muscles, balance and coordination in limbs helps to overcome the gravity easily. The t – score and p- value for the comparison of sit to lie and lie to sit is also statistically not significant. Since all comparisons were statistically insignificant, we averaged the mean for condition The average for the sit to lie and lie to sit was found to be 3.36 sec. In order to asses and rehabilitate the stroke patient timed ADL will asses several components in one time. In order to asses the patient who has difficulty in basic mobility like sit to lie or lie to sit can be assessed with respect to time taken to accomplish that activity , any increase in time taken to accomplish the particular activity may suggest need for intervention , and patient can be trained for the same activity for time taken. Time taken can evaluate contribution from different components such as cognition, strength, balance, coordination. Therefore assessing time may help the therapist to quantify these components and give direction to treatment. Thus concluded that sit to lie and lie to sit takes same time irrespective of dominant and non dominant side, and angle of trunk flexion (00 and 450). The average time to perform sit to lie or lie to sit for young adult is 3.36 sec. CONCLUSION From the present study we can conclude that the average time taken to perform the sit to lie and lie to sit activity is 3.36. The time taken to perform sit to lie and lie to sit from dependent and non dependent side at 00 and 450 was the same. It did not differ with the side as well as the angle of trunk flexion. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã†â€™ Limitation of the Study Video for the task is not taken which can help to evaluate the different components of task and may be helpful to explain the reason behind the variation in timing in different individual. Instruction to use a preferable speed may not reliable for every patient. The sample size is small and taken for only 20-25 year old young adult. Clinical Implication As the time taken to perform sit to lie or lie to sit is 3.36 sec, and in my case scenario patient is 25 year old and has difficulty in bed mobility we can take it (3.36 sec) as a baseline in order to asses and rehabilitate the patient . We can measure the time taken by a patient to complete sit to lie and can further retrain the patient to complete the tasks within 3.36 sec; this will help the patient to achieve the status of community functional mobility. It will help us to plan a treatment parameter such as time taken to complete and components of sit to lie as an outcome measure. So in this case summary we could set a goal of 3.36 sec as the time required to achieve functional mobility.

Physics Behind Why Rockets Fly :: physics rocket rockets fly

In order for any rocket to fly, it must obey some basic rules of physics. No rocket can escape the cardinal rule that the center of gravity must be in front of the center of pressure. Center of Gravity The Center of Gravity or Cg is the point that behaves as if all the mass was concentrated in that one spot. Simply put it is the point at which you could balance the rocket on your finger. The Cg is also the point around which the rocket rotates. This becomes very important for the rocket's stability as you will soon see. Center of Pressure The Center of Pressure or Cp is similar to the Cg. The Cp is the point at which the forces from the air pushing on the vechicle seem to be focused. What is a Cg or a Cp? Basic Rocket Why Does This Matter ? When a rocket is in flight, the force of the air pushing on it keeps the Cp behind the Cg. This is important because the rocket is pushed by the force of the exhaust coming out the back. If the Cp was in front of the Cg, the rocket would want to spin around (so that its back was pointing forwards).. However, because the exhaust is always pushing the rocket forward, it spins around again and again... and you get the picture from there. Fins So now that you know all about Cgs and Cps, it should make perfect sense what fins are for. Still a little confused? The fins are extra surface area near the back of the rocket. This brings the Cp further back on the rocket without significantly moving the Cg.. Calculating Cp Calculating a Cp is rather involved. The easiest way to do it is by using Barrowman's Equations, although these are still fairly complicated. I was going to explain them, but I found a site that does a better job than I could ever do. The UAF Student Rocket Project builds and flies sounding rockets with help from Wollops Flight Facilty. Our latest mission, SRP4, is a student designed and built payload. It will be carrying a science instrument designed by students and professors at Toyama Prefectual University in Japan. Our goal is to measure the D-region of the ionosphere. SRP4 will fly atop an Orion sounding rocket motor that will be supplied by NASA's Wollops Flight Facility. We expect to launch from Poker Flat Research Range in March of 2002.

Power and Social Work

This essay shall begin by defining power, then will go on to discuss Marx Weber and Parson's theories of explanations which will in turn demonstrate how and to whom power is distributed. I shall then go on to discuss how this distribution of power applies to social work and the service users. Power and powerlessness go hand in hand as to have one the other must exist. As society is not egalitarian and never shall be, there will always be inequalities. These inequalities can be on both personal and structural levels. To enable us to understand power and social work we must firstly understand the theoretical explanation of the distribution of power, privilege, prestige and powerlessness within western society by looking at social divisions, class and their positions within society. Marx was interested in the theories of economic development, he believed that economy was dominated by agriculture and power was held by the aristocratic landowner, in the period when manufacture was the dominant mode of production which he called the ‘bourgeoisie age'. According to Marx the history of human society past and present, has been that of class struggles. There has always been a subdivision within society into different ranks, where social positions have come into grades. The ‘bourgeoisie age' has been split into two classes, the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. Marx defined class in the term of dominant ‘mode of production' and the position within the social organisation of the means of production, within industrial capitalism it was the bourgeoisie who owns the means of production and as a result exploits the proletariat who sells his labour to the owners of the means of production. The industrial middle class had created an industrial proletariate and the success of the middle class would ensure other classes would slip down into the proletariat, the lower middle class would be excluded from the bourgeoisie as they did not have enough capital to compete, this combined with the immersation of the proletariat to keep costs down was a mechanism , which would create the simple two class structure. Hence his theory that the labour process the bourgeoisie dominating and controlling the proletariat and a ‘legal and political superstructure (the political system of parliament etc government was neatly characterised as ‘managing the committee of bourgeoisie' this is how social stratification came about. Marx clearly believed that social stratification is an objective reality, which follows inevitably from the process of economic change. The welfare state is a result of struggle by working class people to achieve collective benefits within the system and is accepted by capitalists because it maintains the system, which strengthens their wealth. Social workers are thus put in a contradictory position as representatives of the welfare state, they help working class people but whilst doing so maintain the power of the owners of capital. Weber had a different analysis of the nature of classes, he allows the possibility of a multiplicity of economic classes. He found that as well as the bourgeoisie there were other intermediate groups. Weber would call these ‘status' groups. Weber suggests members of status groups have certain rights, privileges (or lack of it ) and so on. These create many social classes consisting of people in different occupations, requiring different skills and qualifications, hence, it has been accepted that occupation is used in defining class. According to Weberian theory: â€Å"authority is the legitimate exercise of power, ie the people whom that power is exercised accept it is legitimate and therefore recognise it's authority† Wiles, M in Power and Social Work Lecture notes Webers analysis of authority is that of Tradition (customs and practices of a group i.e. the royal family). Charismatic (the possession of leadership often related to religious leaders) and Rational-Legal Authority (institutionalised) this organisation is seen as the distinguishing form of organisation and legitimate authority in industrial society. This authority comes with rights and responsibilities of office when procedures are made and followed by subordinates hence the authority does not come from the individuals or traditions of the office but the responsibilities and procedures are designated within the position itself. Parsons the functionalist seeks to explain the structure of society, he views society as a system that is made up of a set of inter-connected parts, put together, form a whole. These parts are the institutions of society, the family, education system, political institutions etc, all of which share common goals and together work for balance and consensus and order in society. Parsons idea was that social groups need and will co-operate with one another therefore becoming interdependent, he finds it difficult to see how members of society could effectively work and co-operate together without social inequalities. The inequalities of power serve to further collective goals based on shared values will benefit members of society and hence integrate rather than divide societies. The ranking of individuals is based on a consensual view of the importance of positions. Today in western society class differentiation does exist and has an impact on life chances and determines how we live. The inequalities that exist are not only in class and status but also race, gender, age etc, people from these minority groups are often discriminated against and powerless. The majority of service users are those who are living in poverty and as stated in by Becker and MacPherson 1988 indicates service users are likely to be: ‘Old or young, able-bodied or with a special need, an offender, a single parent, an abused child or partner, black or white, service users are more likely to be poor and most likely to be drawn from those sections of the population which enjoy the least status, security and power.' Adams et al (2002) page 42 Authority is within the hierarchy of organisations, when the authority of one superior is then subordinate to the other. The bureaucracy is about rules set regulations and procedures and in turn promotes functions. Social work has seen the provision and development of new and somewhat complex structures e.g. highly developed and formalised division of labour, extensive hierarchies of command, rules and procedures, transactions are noted and recorded and that of trained officials. These try to combine specialisation with integration and co-ordinated direction whilst providing standardised services to meet the needs of the service users at the same time. The service users may perceive the social worker as a symbol of power who holds authority from a bureaucratic state. The negative aspect of this perception could be detrimental for the service user as this may hinder communication and co-operation between the service user and the social worker, therefore identification and resolve of the service users difficulty could be adversely delayed. Although the social worker has a degree of power within their profession, they are governed themselves by state legislation and legitimate authority, they are at times constrained by their agency as to how much power they actually have. If a service user who has been hospitalised and is now on his way to recovery but has physical impairments, therefore, requiring specialist equipment to be installed before he can return home the social worker although seeking to empower the service user cannot do so as constrained due to the lack of his/her agencies financial resources for the necessary equipment hence disempowering the service user. The agency itself is financed and budgeted by state, this may limit resources that the social worker may eventually offer or not offer the service user. As they work as part of a bureaucratic state they must follow procedures, guidelines and policies whilst striving amongst all this to serve the service users in such a manner as to never lose sight of the fact that they are individuals who have rights that must be respected and to ensure that the service user is empowered. Conclusion As social workers we are bound by the government's legislation on what we can and can not do for these individuals. The government has made social work a profession hence giving social workers the status then the power. Social workers are conditioned and controlled by the state as social workers are governed by the state to maintain the smooth functioning social order, in my opinion maintains the ‘status quo' on behalf of the state. Therefore social workers are in fact in alliance with the state and are instruments of state power who may at times be, themselves tied and bound by the power given to them, as stated by Harris â€Å"Social Workers s power is expressed not just by what they do but by what they are, and they are subject to the very power they are themselves exercising† in Davis ,M (2000) page 28 Social workers may very well find themselves at times in a no win situation whilst they are striving to empower the service user.

Organizational Design and Structure Essay

People are interested in great stories of great success. Lincoln Electric uses such practices as Intensive employee involvement (Advisory committee, Suggestions plan); Job security; Compensation (Piece-rate system, Bonuses, Report cards); Points for process improvements; Strong management control; No paid sick days; No paid training. General Electric is committed to equal employment opportunity, a basic of a free society. By continuing to extend equal opportunity and provide fair treatment to all employees on the basis of merit, we will improve GE’s success while enhancing the progress of individuals and the communities where our businesses are located. These two companies have different structures. But they are both successful. A narrow span of control consists of only a few employees; a wide span of control includes many employees. The tendency nowadays is to flatten organizations by widening the span of control and decreasing the layers of management (hierarchy), and by relying more on employee teams to take on many of the roles formerly performed only by managers. There is a limit to number of employees any one manager can properly supervise. If a supervisor has a wide span-of-control she is supervising activities of many people. If span-of-control is narrow few subordinates report to her. Wide span-of-control is possible in most assembly line situations where each employee has only a few repetitive tasks to perform. Wide span-of-control is possible in situations where subordinates are highly educated. Narrow span-of-control is advisable when cost of making an error or wrong decision is high. History indicates that a wide span-of-control is more productive in long-run. While different, Gen X and Gen Y have some similarities. Both will demand a more innovative workplace, with flexible hours, state-of-the-art resources, cooperative scheduling and supervisors who listen. One of the reasons Gen X and Y will be so valuable is that there will be a shortage of skilled managers to replace the retiring Traditionalists and Boomers. Developing experienced and skilled young managers will become vital to any organization hoping to compete in the future. The Apprentice. I will advice for women and men to improve the following features: Leadership takes courage and initiative. (Initiative is a critical component of good leadership. ); Self-awareness and self-correcting leadership; High energy. (A great leadership rule: if you want it, model it); No direction (clarity of roles and expectations), protection or order. A successful leader with a new team needs to set the stage for success by facilitating an initial session (order) to determine how the team will work together most effectively to achieve their task or goal. A leader should inspire confidence by creating a safe container (protection) for the team to elicit the highest of collaboration, creativity and effective strategy. All components of organisational design and structure were taken up. Organizational Redesign is structuring an organization, division or department to optimize how it supplies products and services to its clients and customers. The process of organization design matches people, information, and technology to the purpose, vision, and strategy of the organization. Structure is designed to enhance communication and information flow among people. Systems are designed to encourage individual responsibility and decision making. Technology is used to enhance human capabilities to accomplish meaningful work. The end product is an integrated system of people and resources, tailored to the specific direction of the organization.

Account for the widening of the franchise in Britain essays

Account for the widening of the franchise in Britain essays Account for the widening of the franchise in Britain Between 1850 and 1928 enfranchisement had grown rapidly. There were many aspects which contributed to the rapid growth of the franchise in Britain: government legislation, changing society, various reform movements, different individuals who worked for reform, the womens right movement, emergence of socialism, a factor which preached equality and finally the Labour Party. Changing society, the period 1867 to 1928 saw a very large change in Britains political identity. The effectiveness of industrialisation and urbanisation were catalysts for social change which transferred the political system from a limited democracy to a modern representative Liberal democracy. This made people fight for justice and equal rights. They began to fight for political, social , economic change through pressure groups like the Independent Labour Party, Woman Social, Political Unions and Trade Unions. People sought social, political and economic change, however reform was not given, therefore it had to be fought for. I think this partly contributed to the widening of the franchise because people now began to want change, they sought for equality and were determined to get it. This encouraged other people, therefore it had a knock on effect on other people. More and more people wanted the right to vote. Another aspect, the Government dreaded the idea of revolution. In 1848 there were plenty of revolutions occurring around the world there was the French revolution, this encouraged ideas to spread. the Government despised this reaction. the French revolution led to an upsurge of interest in reform, however the violence of the French Revolution made the consider enlarging the franchise. The apprehension of the French Revolution saw an greater extend in democratic changes which allowed the expansion of franchise in ...

Definition and Examples of Reflected Meaning

Definition and Examples of Reflected Meaning In semantics, reflected meaning is a  phenomenon whereby a single word or phrase is associated with more than one  sense or meaning. It is also known as  coloring and contagion.   The term reflected meaning was coined by linguist Geoffrey Leech, who defined it  as the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning when one sense of a word forms part of our response to another sense. . . . One sense of a word seems to rub off on another sense (Semantics: The Study of Meaning, 1974). When comedians use reflected meaning in their jokes its an example of wordplay. The joke is usually funny because it uses a word that is technically correct for the situation but that will elicit a different often opposite image in the mind of the listener.   Examples and Observations In the case of reflected meaning, more than one meaning surfaces at the same time, so there is a kind of ambiguity. It is as if one or more unintended meanings were inevitably thrown back rather like light or sound reflected on a surface. For instance, if I use the medical expression chronic bronchitis, it is difficult for the more colloquial emotive meaning of chronic, bad, not to intrude as well. . . . Sometimes, such coincidental, unwanted meanings cause us to change a lexical item for another. Thus, if I think that dear in my dear old car may be misinterpreted as meaning expensive, I can substitute lovely and eliminate the potential ambiguity. . . .Reflected meaning may be used deliberately. Newspaper headlines exploit it all the time: DISASTER TANKER ADRIFT IN A SEA OF BAFFLING QUESTIONSTHE ZAMBIAN OIL INDUSTRY: NOT JUST A PIPE DREAM Naturally the success of such word play will depend on the standard of education, linguistic experience or mental agility of the readership. From  Introductory Semantics and Pragmatics for Spanish Learners of English  by Brian Mott Intercourse Perhaps a more everyday example [of reflected meaning] is intercourse, which by reason of its frequent collocation with sexual tends now to be avoided in other contexts. From  Translation, Linguistics, Culture: A French-English Handbook  by Nigel Armstrong    Reflected Meanings of Product Names [S]uggestive [ trademarks] are marks that call to mindor suggestan association related to the product they name. They imply strength or softness or freshness or flavor, depending on the product; they are subtle marks, created by marketers and ad people who are very skilled at making artful associations. Think of TORO lawn mowers, DOWNY fabric softener, IRISH SPRING deodorant soap, and ZESTA saltine crackers. None of these marks is obvious, but we perceive nonetheless the strength of TORO lawn mowers, the softness DOWNY fabric softener imparts to laundry, the fresh scent of IRISH SPRING soap, and the zesty taste of ZESTA saltines. From The Trademark Guide by  Lee Wilson The Lighter Side of Reflected Meaning A [baseball] player with an unfortunate name was pitcher Bob Blewett. He pitched five games for New York during the 1902 season. Blewett lost both of his decisions and gave up 39 hits in only 28 innings. From  Baseballs Most Wanted II  by Floyd Conner

13 Reasons To Date a Chemist

13 Reasons To Date a Chemist If you havent dated a chemist, youre missing out! Chemists can be incredibly romantic and great at lasting relationships. Here are some reasons to date a chemist. Chemists have some of the very best pick-up lines.  Are you made of copper and tellurium? You must be, because youre CuTe. Nerdy, yes, but a good icebreaker. Chemistry experiments require attention to detail. Your date will be on time, will pay attention to you, and will remember your likes and dislikes.Science requires effort, practice, and patience. You can expect a chemist to work at a relationship and not call it quits when problems arise.Chemists are interesting! They are curious and always learning. Dating a chemist means youll never be bored.Lab coats and safety goggles. So hot.Chemists remember to use protection.Chemists pay attention to personal hygiene.Chemists are almost always fantastic cooks. They also often brew amazing beer, make wine, or possibly distill their own spirits. Very few make drugs, though they know how.Chemists are smart. They can carry on meaningful conversations and fix things.Chemists know how to pull all-nighters.Chemists know all kinds of party tric ks and cool ways to celebrate holidays. Because their sense of wonder never fades, they often do well with kids. Your family and friends will probably like your chemist date. Like engineers and other scientists, a chemist asks you out because he or she genuinely likes you and finds you interesting. Chemists tend not to be shallow.Chemists are adventurous, up to a point. They are natural explorers, yet take risk into account. They can plan interesting and fun dates, but arent likely to endanger you. Similarly, chemists know all the toxic chemicals in every food, drink, and household product, yet wont go overboard avoiding minor vices.

Marketing Behavior and Decision-Making Assignment - 1

Marketing Behavior and Decision-Making - Assignment Example In addition, this course also highlights how the decision-making process is affected by social, marketing and other situational factors. According to research, the customers usually go through a five-stage process. This model is extremely crucial for individuals during the creation of marketing decisions. As stated above, this model includes need recognition, information search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase and post-purchase analysis (Kardes, 2001). This course enables learners to manage all these stages hence, persuading the potential client that the product surely satisfies his or her needs. On the other hand, an MBA (Master of Business Administration) degree is usually awarded to learners who have understood and mastered the study of business (Gorman, 2003). Researchers claim that this degree is considered as a prominent degree compared to other degree courses all over the world. The learners are equipped with knowledge which can be applied in several real world business situations. Individuals with the MBA degree have successfully managed to advance their careers and also increase their salary potential in a significant way. This is because most of the MBA graduates are eligible to apply for the job vacancies in the current business world. In fact, job vacancies that are related to the executive and senior management positions usually require individuals who have an MBA degree. Most of the MBA programs offer the required skills in general management through a specialized curriculum (Gorman, 2003). This form of education is quite relevant in most business sectors and industries. In the MBA degree, there are different disciplines that are offered. Some of the most common disciplines include marketing, economics, accounting, finance, information systems, entrepreneurship, global management and operations management among

Titanium Metal Matrix Composites Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Titanium Metal Matrix Composites - Essay Example The metals which are usually used are Aluminum, Magnesium, Titanium and Copper. In case of titanium metal matrix composite the principal metal used is titanium. Hence the metal matrix composite is Titanium metal matrix composite. In the MMC the metal is the monolithic material into which the reinforcement is embedded and it is completely continuous. The reinforcement can be continuous which can be monofilament or multifilament or it can be discontinuous which can be a particle, whisker or short fiber. They have lot of applications in commercial workspace. Metal-matrix composites are either in use or prototyping for the Space Shuttle, commercial airliners, electronic substrates, bicycles, automobiles, golf clubs, and a variety of other applications. It is widely perceived that Titanium Metal Composites have lot of potential in space propulsion applications. If we look at Titanium and its alloys we can say that they have good corrosion resistance, fatigue properties, and high strength- to-weight ratios. Products differ in terms of composition, grade, shape, dimensions, and features. Commercially pure, unalloyed or very low alloy titanium does not contain or contains only very small amounts of alloying elements. By contrast, titanium alloys contain significant amounts of added elements or constituents. Clad or bimetal titanium alloys consist of two different alloys that are bonded integrally together. Metal matrix composites have a composite or reinforced metal or alloy matrix filled with a second component, which may be in particulate, chopped fiber, continuous filament, or fabric form. Other unlisted, specialty or proprietary titanium and titanium alloys are also available. These materials are often based on a unique alloy system, use a novel processing technology, or have properties tailored for specific applications. While selecting titanium and titanium alloys, we also need to check an analysis of dimensions, production processes, and performance features. Outer diameter, inner diameter, overall length, and overall thickness are important dimensions. Most materials are cast, wrought, extruded, forged, cold-finished, hot-rolled, or formed by compacting powdered metals or alloys. Performance features for titanium and titanium alloys include resistance to corrosion, heat, and wear. Ti MMCs offer provide potential advantages for structural applications, where they combine the high strength, high temperature capability, and oxidation resistance of titanium with an increase in stiffness provided by the ceramic reinforcement. Another thing is that they have the advantage of being isotropic in behavior, cheaper to manufacture and more amenable to subsequent processing and component forming operations. Of all the potential reinforcing phases for titanium which includes TiB, TiB2, SiC, Al2O3, and TiC, TiB offers the best balance of stiffness, stability, and similarity of thermal expansion coefficients. Other properties, such as the strength of metal matrix composites, depend in a much more complex manner on composite microstructure. The strength of a fiber-reinforced composite, for example, is determined by fracture processes, themselves governed by a combination of micro structural phenomena and features. These include plastic deformation of the matrix, the presence of brittle phases in the matrix, the

The Star Appeal of Farid al-Atrash and Yusuf Wahbi Assignment

The Star Appeal of Farid al-Atrash and Yusuf Wahbi - Assignment Example Farid’s mother had to work as a singer in private functions like parties and weddings as her children also did jobs as they went to school. Farid and his young sister Amal took an interest in their mother’s love for singing and thus she encouraged them to sing as she taught Farid how to play the oud. Early in their youth, Farid and Amal (who later became Ashmahane), began drawing the attention of composers and song-writers who were amazed by their musical talents and beautiful voices. Soon, they were singing in radio stations and in large gatherings. The cinema also opened a door for success for Farid and Ashmahane after they starred in two films. Unfortunately, tragedy struck and Ashmahane died after being involved in a grizzly car accident. It was rumoured that she was involved with the British intelligence (IMDB 1990). Farid’s quick success brought him into a life of night clubs, love affairs and gambling in which he got involved. Soon, he went into debt and w as abandoned by his mother. It is during this time that his sister died (IMDB 1990). According to Sis.gov, Farid studied the lute at the public service department of the Institute of music and at the same time worked as a driver to earn a living. This was a time of financial difficulty for him and his family. Some of his teachers were the renowned composers Safar Ali and Mohamed al-Qasabgi. Farid later worked in the night club called Badie'a Mosabni. During Farid’s time in 1952, there was a revolution known as the 23 July Revolution. It began on 23rd July with a military coup d’etat by the Free Officers Movement. This was a group of army officers led by Muhammad Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser. This revolution was initially aimed at overthrowing king Farouk I but later went on to abolish the constituional monarchy and aristocracy of Egypt and Sudan, establish a republic and finally secure Sudan’s independence that was governed as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium. Thi s revolutionary government established a republic and among its goals was to secure the independence of Sudan. This revolutionary government adopted a staunch, nationalist, anti-imperialist agenda that came to be expressed mainly through Arab nationalism and international non-alignment (Khan 2010). Farid was a mixture of the oriental music’s originality and modernity of Western music. He was the best lute player of his age and one of the first to introduce the show business to Egyptian movies. He died in the year 1974. Indeed, Fareed Al-Atrash was a legend that will always be remembered throughout in history (Sis.gov). Yusuf Wahbi Yusuf Wahbi was an Egyptian stage and film actor and director who was a leading star of the 1930s and 40s. He was one of the most prominent Arab stage actors ever. Born the son of a pasha in 1898, Yusuf was expected to become an engineer like his father but his passion for acting took him to an unexpected direction. He joined the circus and this bot h surprised and enraged his father. He became someone whose testimony was not acceptable in court and he was considered a disgrace to his family. He was expelled from home by his father who later enrollrd him in an agricultural school in order for him to be reformed (Kanema 2008). Wahbi ran away to Italy where he changed his name to Ramses and only

Operations Managment.Intangible specialisation and product-mix Essay

Operations Managment.Intangible specialisation and product-mix optimisation - Essay Example Based on the specific perspective oriented approach that the operations management makes regarding productivity agenda of an organization, strategic management can be used to formulate policies to enable balancing of availed options in operations (Schiavone, 2004, p7). In this study, Fiat’s case study has been used to demonstrate the importance of understanding operations management from a systems approach in withstanding market conditions. Perhaps defining the term intangible within the context of organization operations will assist in making a conclusive perspective eon the topic. The term intangible denotes assets, capital or factors that an organization works with but they are not immediately visible. On the other hand, tangible assets are the physically visible factors which the company uses in production. Both tangible and intangible factors contribute to the overall operation of the company. Economic evolution of organizations and other production entities is characterized by the accumulation of assets both. Intangible assets also represent relevant knowledge and technologies that the organization needs to remain in a specified production line. Intangible specialization is the concentration of accumulation of assets that are intangible in nature such as technology, with little emphasis being made to accumulation of tangible assets. Since there is some need to balance the control of accumulation of these two sets of assets, it becomes detrimental in the long run when the organization is unable to achieve the balance. Intangible specialization entails the concept of management decision making that tends to lean to and favor the dominance of a service intensive approach in production operations. The most dominant characteristic of intangible specialization is heavy reliance on routines as well as dependence in rigid production paths. Inappropriate

Nutrrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nutrrition - Essay Example Teenagers require protein during their years of high activity and rapid growth to assure healthy muscle growth and tissue formation. The elderly are susceptible to osteoporosis and loss of bone mass due to a lack of calcium in the diet. Getting the correct amount of fat, protein, and calcium has a significant impact on children, teenagers, and the elderly and is essential for good health. From the moment a baby is born until the age of five the brain goes through substantial growth that is aided by the amounts and types of fat consumed. People have become more aware of the fat consumed by children and its correlation to childhood obesity. The latest trend in diets for children includes a low fat component, but there have been concerns about its effect on long-term brain development. Seventy five percent of the brain’s development takes place in the first three years of a child’s life (Rask-Nissila et al., 2000, p.999). During this period it is essential that children get adequate fat to aid in the proper development of the brain. Current USDA guidelines call for a fat intake of between 30 and 40 percent of the total calories during the first year and gradually decreasing to 30 to 35 percent by age 4 (Gidding et al., 2006, p.546). Increasing the fat level beyond this point may lead to childhood obesity, and Rask-Nissila et al. (2000) suggests that, †Å"children with high serum cholesterol values are predisposed to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD) later in life† (p.993). Lowering the level below 30 percent has been a cause of concern for brain development or other neurological health issues. It is known that children who are malnourished during their first year of life develop acute intelligence deficiencies as a teenager (Rask-Nissila et al., 2000, p.999). While lowering the serum cholesterol level in children by a moderate amount may not result in any neurological problems, children with

Current Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Current Issues - Essay Example Now training and development is one of the main pillars of human resource management. There is a high level of involvement of computers in almost every field of life, so the employees need to excel the computer skills. Every organization is focusing on the vital importance of these job-training programs and thus tries to arrange the regular sessions of experts. These experts come, meet the employees, and give tips to them. These job trainings create innovation in the routine duties of the employees. The expert managers appreciate creative and innovative ideas from the employees. The training programs can be multidisciplinary and thus aimed at the long-term benefit of the organization (McKay 2). The associated benefits with these job-training programs are beneficial for the organization. Job training programs actually aim to polish the skills and expertise of the employees and managers of any organization. Now almost every organization is focusing on this perspective. The impact of training programs is very much effective. The employees and managers become more productive and thus improve the output of the organization. In this way, the organization is more profitable. These skilled labor or the expert individuals are beneficial factors for the economic development. They can play their role in the regional and economic development by the use of their expertise. A successful job training is always future oriented and thus can be linked t the economic development of the organization. By arranging such job trainings, an organization can achieve efficiency and effectiveness, build more production capacity in the employees, and motivate the employees to work faster. With the help of these future oriented job-training programs, an organization can prepare itself for the upcoming changes and challenges in the competitive market. The expertises of the employees are actually the real strength or the competitive advantage of the firm. An author is of the viewpoint

Nutrrition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nutrrition - Essay Example Teenagers require protein during their years of high activity and rapid growth to assure healthy muscle growth and tissue formation. The elderly are susceptible to osteoporosis and loss of bone mass due to a lack of calcium in the diet. Getting the correct amount of fat, protein, and calcium has a significant impact on children, teenagers, and the elderly and is essential for good health. From the moment a baby is born until the age of five the brain goes through substantial growth that is aided by the amounts and types of fat consumed. People have become more aware of the fat consumed by children and its correlation to childhood obesity. The latest trend in diets for children includes a low fat component, but there have been concerns about its effect on long-term brain development. Seventy five percent of the brain’s development takes place in the first three years of a child’s life (Rask-Nissila et al., 2000, p.999). During this period it is essential that children get adequate fat to aid in the proper development of the brain. Current USDA guidelines call for a fat intake of between 30 and 40 percent of the total calories during the first year and gradually decreasing to 30 to 35 percent by age 4 (Gidding et al., 2006, p.546). Increasing the fat level beyond this point may lead to childhood obesity, and Rask-Nissila et al. (2000) suggests that, †Å"children with high serum cholesterol values are predisposed to atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease (CHD) later in life† (p.993). Lowering the level below 30 percent has been a cause of concern for brain development or other neurological health issues. It is known that children who are malnourished during their first year of life develop acute intelligence deficiencies as a teenager (Rask-Nissila et al., 2000, p.999). While lowering the serum cholesterol level in children by a moderate amount may not result in any neurological problems, children with

Criminal Acts and Choices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Acts and Choices - Essay Example In this assignment I shall discuss the choice theory and its relation to crime. â€Å"Rational choice theory (choice theory) is the view that crime is a function of a decision making process in which a potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act.† (Seigel 2011) The word choice involves the selection of options. People select options with predictable results or they might want to take risk and choose an option with an element of chance. The chance may be with or without the given probabilities depending upon which option is selected. When people decide upon options with a negative result or a wrong doing after weighing its costs and benefits then the crime breaks out. According to the choice theory criminal behaviour is a very deliberate attempt. This behaviour is a result of a well organized thought process and planning. When an offender of law decides to commit crime he considers all personal and situational factors. He analyses personal factors like the excitement of taking risks, the money involved in the illegal act, the satisfaction of taking the due revenge etc. Also he does sound calculation of the situational environment like how and when the target is available and approachable, the security risks involved, and the presence of law enforcing agents at the place where he will commit the crime etc. The choice of target, the method of committing crime and the post crime plan are all very systematic and selective. Thus the choice theory relates to crime by explaining the fact that criminals choose crime after analysing its pros and cons and it is a matter of choice that people break the law and indulge themselves in criminal activities. There are no mathematical equations for calculating crimes. However, there are models which are used by the society to determine criminal acts. The two most common models used by the society for determining crime are the consensus

Sustainable Township Development In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay

Sustainable Township Development In Malaysia Environmental Sciences Essay According to Paul-Marie Boulanger, the concept of sustainable development was originally same as the sustainability. Both of these terms were derived from an older forestry term sustained yield, which was a translation of German term nachhaltigerErtag since 1713. From various sources, it was shown that the concept of sustainability in the sense of a balance between the consumption and reproduction of resources was already been applied in the 12th to 16th century. Adans, W.N. (2006) said that, the history of the concept of sustainability is much older than what was expected. Since during 400 BCE, Aristotle was referred to a similar Greek concept in talking about household economics. The first use of the term sustainable in the modern sense was by the Club of Rom in March 1972 in making the report of Limits to Growth, which was written by a group of scientists led by Dennis and Donella Meadows of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ar Dr Tan Loke Mun once said that, greenhouse gasses and ozone depletion became household words following the Earth Summit in Rio, 1992 and since then, Green building ratings began to be developed all around the world. UK had developed BREEAM as their rating tool; USA had developed LEED as their rating tool; whereas for Malaysia, GBI was developed as Green rating tool in Malaysia. He also said that, the GBI Malaysia was introduced on 3rd January 2009 at the Green Design Forum which was held at Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. As stated by Jackson, T. Michaelis, L. (2003), the concept of sustainability can be linked to human development which was originated in the 1970s with books such as Goldsmiths blueprint for Surviva! (1972) and the Club of Romes Limits to Growth (1972). In the same year, 1972, the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, in Stockholm put the spotlight on the reconciliation of environment and economic development. From what was told by Ar Dr Tan Loke Mun, after the realization that buildings and the built development contributes significantly to the greenhouse gas emissions, all the buildings and development needed to be re-designed to minimize the negative impact which will be imposed to the environment. By using GBI rating tools as reference, the final built product will perform better in its location while minimizing the negative impacts released to the surroundings during development. 1.2 Problem Statement According to Punitha Silivarajoo (2009), there are many negative impacts which arise from the current development skill. For instance, loss of income from polluted resources such as rivers and beaches, loss of ecosystem services, and the most serious factor is that, it contributing into the causes of climate change and global warming. Climate change can cause several chain reactions such as flash flood which happens commonly in Kuala Lumpur area. From what was told by our Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato Sri Mohd Najib (2011), the worst scenarios of climate disasters due to the global effects of carbon emissions and climate change should not be taken lightly. The building and construction sector which accounts nearly 40% of the worlds energy consumption eventually contributing to the climate change and global warming due to the increasing concentration of greenhouse gases which caused by the current development. He also said that, the Green Building Index Township Tool was introduced and implemented to set out a vision for sustainability within the built environment which provides guidance to assist the State and Local Authorities, developers, builders and professionals to deliver more environment-friendly and sustainable townships and communities. Therefore, this research was carried out to identify why the sustainable township development is being used in Malaysia nowadays as well as the impact of emission of CO2. 1.3 Aim To study why sustainable township development is being used in Malaysia. 1.4 Objectives To identify the reasons why implement sustainable township development in Malaysia. To identify what will happen in future if current development continues without implementing sustainable township. To identify what are the criteria need to be taken care during implementation of sustainable township development. 1.5 Hypothesis The sustainable township development is being implemented because it gives many advantages over its disadvantages as compared to the non-sustainable township development. The negative impacts from non-sustainable township development are eventually causing many problems to the environment. 1.6 Research Methodologies According to Kumar (2005), placing of literature review is one of the essential preliminary tasks when you intend to undertake a research study is to go through the literature in order to acquaint yourself with the knowledge in the field you interesting in. He also said that literature review can help to make a valuable contribution to almost every operational step in the research. As what were said by Richard Fellows Anite Liu (2008), there are two major types of data collection: primary data and secondary data. Primary data are sources which can be gained by the researcher as close as possible to what was happened during the event or time whereas secondary data are sources which can be gathered through interpretation or analysing of data and is usually based on primary data. From what was told by Dawson, Catherine (2002) in the Practical Research Methods, primary data is data that being collected for the first time; secondary date is data which have been already collected and analysed by someone else. Observation is one of the common methods which are being used as primary data collection. In this research, questionnaire will be set and distributed to the person who involves themselves in the construction industry such as contractor, quantity surveyor and architect. Example of the question that will be asked to them is about their thinking of current township development in Malaysia whether it is sustainable or not. About 30 to 50 copies of questionnaire will be distributed to the respondents. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 What is Sustainable Township? In regards with GBI (2012), Sustainable Township was defined as liveable places which meet the diverse needs of the community, both now and in the future. These places are providing a high quality of life for the people who lives, work and play there by being well planned and designed, safe and secure, and enhances the surrounding environment. It also mentioned that the basis on the concept of sustainable development is the balanced approached to addressing the environmental, social and economic issues. Sustainable Townships are integrated planned habitats which focus on the interior of the buildings, architectural design of the buildings, as well as the living environment by emphasize on maximizing energy and resource savings, the use and recycling of natural resources, and also promoting the public health and general welfare of urban population and reducing the negative impacts that surround the environment. Other than that, Sustainable Townships are also well landscaped and providing the basic needs or amenities for human being, for example, parks and playgrounds which can be used to improve the interaction and integration among the local communities. In response with the 10th Malaysia Plan, several steps are being taken by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government to ensure the needs of current and future communities by stimulating the rapid growth of urbanization which is expected to increase from 67% in 2010 to 75% by 2020. Green Building Index (GBI) and GBI Township Tool were introduced as advisable Malaysia rating system in promoting the Green Technology as a new driver for the economic growth of the country by offering tremendous opportunities and potentials in the economic regeneration, innovation and wealth creation. Pertubuhan Arkitek Malaysia (PAM) and the Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia (ACEM)s initiatives in introducing the GBI Township Tool (version II) are being appreciated very much as the green transformation can be taken into the next level, as well as in line with the Governments New Economic Model, which is to become a high-income nation that is both inclusive and sustainable by the year of 2020. According to TimothyBeatley, the word sustainability was derived from the Latin word sustinere which means to hold. Various dictionaries had defined various meaning of sustainability, but the main one to be referred here having the meaning of maintain, support or endure. For the word township, is defined as a city. Thus, by combining these information, sustainable township development can be explained as a development of city which can maintain or support longer with better quality than the other township development. From Brundland Report (1987), sustainable township development was defined as an development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. From the report, there are two key concepts contained within it: the concept of needs, which means to which overriding priority should be given; and secondly the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environments ability to meet the needs of both present and future. 2.2 Why Implement Sustainable Townships Development On September, 2011, our Prime Minister, Dato Sri Mohd Najib had announced plans for a Low Carbon Cities Framework and Assessment System to bring Malaysia into a low carbon economy and he made a promise that the carbon dioxide emissions will be reduced by 40% by 2020 compared to 2005. It is his aspiration to develop both Putrajaya and Cyberjaya as shining examples of eco-friendly townships and replicating it in other towns and cities across Malaysia. In other words, Putrajaya and Cyberjaya will be the first two Sustainable Township in Malaysia. According to Warren Kerlenzig, 2009, some of our biggest challenges in cutting carbon to reduce global climate change will be in understanding the system dynamics that the cities and other corporation or neighborhoods comprise. Therefore, GBI Township Tool was set out for Sustainable Township Development for sustainability within the built environment and to provide guidance that is able to deliver the Sustainable Townships in the Malaysia Context. A scientist in the 19th century, Svantte Arrhenius, said that gases in the atmosphere cause a greenhouse effect which affects the planets temperature. He had calculated that the carbon emissions from human industry might someday contribute to global warming, which is happening nowadays. At that time, the other scientists dismissed his thought as faulty. Since 1938, the level of carbon dioxide was increasing and raising global temperature. Then only the argument was found implausible. Researchers found that gases, especially carbon dioxide, which mostly being produced from construction industry, play a crucial role in the climate change and the rising level would gravely affect our future. Tony Cooper, 2007, said that there are different scenarios which cause the emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and all of these eventually contributed to global warming. He also said that, the global warming is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases, and 72% of the total emitted greenhouse gas is CO2. CO2 is created when fossil fuels such as oil, diesel and natural gas are being burned. The CO2 emitted have been dramatically increasing within these last 50 years and it is still increasing. The CO2 is being taken as serious factors in contributing to global warming because it can remain in the atmosphere for at least 80 years and can be up to 200 years. According to the recent investigation, if the global temperatures keep on increasing by more than 2Â ° C, an unimaginable catastrophic which will change in the environment is expected to take place. From the information above, it can be concluded the CO2 which released from current development will contribute to the greenhouse effect which eventually become global warming, which is one of the hot topic being discussed all around the world. Therefore, to overcome the problem of global warming, the emission of greenhouse effect must be reduced, and to reduce the effect of greenhouse, the most effective way is by minimizing the CO2 emission especially in the construction industry. Emits Contributes to Current Development CO2 Greenhouse Effect Global warming Causes Figure Negative impacts of current Township Development2.2.1 Impacts of Global Warming Global warming happens due to increase in air temperature. There are several chain effects which will occur due to global warming. 2.2.1.1 Melting of Polar Ice Caps The deadliest effect of global warming is raise of sea level. When the sea level is raised, the polar ice caps will definitely be melted by the water. Ice caps are white in colour and thus it helps in reflect the sunlight, which helps in cooling our earth. If the ice caps are melted, the only sunlight is the ocean, thus the temperature all around the world will be increased. Since ice caps are fresh water, if they are melted, desalinization of sea water will occur. The sea water will become less salty, and it will cause species that live in the sea to face the problem of extinction. 2.2.1.2 Increased the probability and intensity of droughts and heat waves As global warming happens, some areas of the earth will become wetter, but some other areas will suffer the problems of droughts and heat waves, such as Africa. Now, the water is already a scarce commodity in Africa, the global warming will worsen the condition. 2.2.1.3 Changes in Seasons and Seasonal Characters Different areas have their own seasons and seasonal character. However, global warming will results in changes of these seasons and seasonal character. Most of the areas will no longer have the summer or winter seasons. Due to change in air temperature and rainfall patterns, the seasons will also be preponed or postponed. 2.2.1.4 Spreading of Diseases Due to change in environment, many species may not be able to suit themselves in the newly changed environment and facing dead. Thus, many of these species will die and their corpses which are not taken care will cause new diseases to occur and spreading all around the world unpredictably. Some of these diseases may even cause death. Poor areas with poor medical facilities will definitely suffering much more than the others. 2.2.2 Merits of Implementing Sustainable Township Development Implementation of sustainable township development not only helps in reducing the carbon emission but also giving some others benefits. For instance, sustainable township development uses sustainable design which helps in maximizing the energy efficiency by using sustainable energy such as solar energy. This not only helps the residents to reduce their cost for electricity usage but also helps in reducing the emission of CO2 because CO2 is emitted from the usage of electricity. Other than energy efficiency, water efficiency can also be done. Next, sustainable township development helps in reducing the pollutions. Most of the non-sustainable township development will cause pollutions in term of air, water as well as sound pollution. In sustainable township development, all the industrial area will be placed on the edges of the township and is some distance to the residential area. This can help in reducing sound pollution caused by industrial area to the residential area. Other than sound pollution, air pollution problem can also be solved. Some more, unlike the non-sustainable township development, in this sustainable township development, the pollution will be controlled by introducing a clearer and practice of site sedimentation. This means that the water pollution can be prevented as well. Besides, more green spaces such as public park, playground, community run herb garden, and also recreational lakes will be provided in a sustainable township. This can actually create a healthy and lively community. It was said that greenery helps to release our stress especially when tiring after working for a whole day. Presence of lakes enables the community to spend their time over there with their beloved family during the weekend or holidays. The water quality of the lakes will be maintained at high quality all the time. One of the main merits of a sustainable township is the sustainable transportation network. The transportation network provided is well connected to all places within the township. It is an ease for the residential to go everywhere they want as long as in the township. In other non-sustainable township, the problems always faced by the residents are the transportation problems. The public transport such as buses and taxi are hardly available during certain period of time or at some areas. In sustainable township, the residents no longer have to worry about the problem of transportation as public transport such as buses and taxi is available everywhere from time to time. The road will also be designed in the best way to minimize or even avoid the traffic jam problem, which is also another problem that faced by everyone in the non-sustainable township, especially during the peak hour. When a new sustainable township is being developed, there will be many companies going to venture. Thus, the rate of employment will be increased. In addition, the residents in the township able to find a job which near their houses. Since the working place is just near to their houses, most of them will either walk or take public transport such as buses instead of driving, which will help in reduce the probability of traffic jam. 2.2.3 Incentives Given by Government In publicity of sustainable township development, two main incentives are given by out Malaysia Government. Firstly, is the tax exemption for green building user? According to GBI, 2011, any person who incurs qualifying expenditure (QE) to obtain GBI certification for a building used for his business qualifies for tax exemption. This tax incentive provides exemption on the statutory income which is equivalent to 100% of that expenditure. The qualifying expenditure is also known as the Green Building Cost Sum, which means an additional expenditure incurred in relation to construction of a building, alteration, renovation, extension or improvement of an existing building. The exemption can be up to 100% of statutory income for each year of assessment. According to the guidelines issued by Lembaga Hasil Dalam Negeri Malaysia (LHDNM), any unutilised QE can be carried forward to subsequent years of assessment until the amount is fully exempted and this tax exemption only applies once for each building certified from 24 October 2009 until 31 December 2014. The second incentive given by the Malaysia Government is stamp duty exemption. According to GBI, 2011, the stamp duty exemption provides exemption on instruments of transfer of ownership of buildings and residential properties acquired from property developers and awarded GBI certificate. The exemption is on the additional cost of the property incurred to obtain the GBI certificate. According to LHDNM, the exemption is only given for the first transfer of ownership of the building and for sales and purchase agreements executed from 24 October 2009 until 31 December 2014 and once certified, the applicants can claim for the tax exemption or stamp duty exemption in their annual Income Tax return Forms. 2.3 GBI Township Tool To identify whether a township development is sustainable or not, GBI township tool will be used. The varies Green Rating tools such as GBI Townships Tools are being used to assist the architects, designers, builders, planners, developer as well as the end users to exposed themselves to the impact of each and every of the design choices well in moving towards to be more environmentally-friendly. The developer can take this GBI township tool as a reference before the commencement of development. 6 key criteria in GBI Township Tool Climate, Energy Water (CEW) Ecology Environment (EEC) Community Planning Design (CPD) Transportation Connectivity (TRC) Building Resources (BDR) Business Innovation (BSI) Figure 6 key criteria in GBI Township Tool 2.4 GBI Assessment Criteria for Sustainable Townships Development in Malaysia 2.4.1 Climate, Energy Water (CEW) To minimise the impact on the environment by practicing energy efficiency, water efficiency and sustainable development. These can be achieved by minimising the impact of heat island effect, minimising the energy consumption, and also utilising the renewable energy technology such as micro-generation. Other than that, the on-going production and consumption of energy and water will be balanced. In order to achieve the aim of zero net carbon emissions, the passive design principles are maximised, as well as adopting the onsite energy generation. Water efficiency can be achieved through the reduction of main water consumption, rainwater harvesting and grey water recycling. Grey water is water comes from the laundry machines, dish-washes, bathtubs, and sinks. It does not include any human waste or sewerage. This criterion holds a maximum of 20 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteria: Heat Island Design Principles 4 credits Efficient Streetscape Greenspace Lighting 2 credits On Site Green Generation 2 credits Renewable Energy 4 credits Reduced Water Use 4 credits Reduction in Water Waste 4 credits 2.4.2 Environmental Ecology (EEC) The impact on the environment can be minimised by adopting several practices as well as preserving the site ecology and biodiversity. Respect and do not destroy the surrounding environment and the native ecological systems. Always be sensitive to the needs of the local ecology and biodiversity. Preserve and enhance the ecological value of the environment. This can helps in stabilising the land which will also reduce the impact during flooding. This criterion holds a maximum of 15 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteria: Biodiversity Conservation 2 credits Land Reuse 1 credit Ecology 3 credits Flood Management and Avoidance 1 credit Wetland and Water Body Conservation 1 credit Agricultural Land Preserve 1 credit Hill Slope Development 1 credit Sustainable Stormwater Design Management 2 credits Proximity to Existing Infrastructure 1 credit Services Infrastructure Provision 1 credit Light Pollution 1 credit 2.4.3 Community Planning Design (CPD) To minimise the impacts on the environment and also to promote community connectivity and participation, the site should be chosen wisely and the space should be planned accordingly. The township is planned and designed for the benefits of the community who live, work or play there. It will be created using an integrated way to master the planning and the best design which emphasising on the peoples priority and also greenery. These can help in creating a strong sense of place for communities which will then results in a more livable and diverse neighbourhoods. This criterion holds a maximum of 26 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteria: Greenspaces 3 credits Compact Development 1 credit Amenities for Communities 3 credits Provision for Universal Accessibility 3 credits Secure Design 2 credits Health in Design 2 credits Recycling Facilities 2 credits Community Diversity 1 credits Affordable Housing 1 credits Community Thrust 4 credits Governance 4 credits 2.4.4 Transportation and Connectivity (TRC) To reduce the impacts caused by transportation, affordable and sustainable transportation network will be provided within the development and linkages outside the development. The township will be a well-connected place with the services of varies transportation options to ease the community. It will provide an excellent accessibility, connectivity and are well linked to most of the districts. This criterion holds a maximum of 14 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteria: Green Transport Masterplan 8 credits Availability and Frequency of Public Transport 1 credit Facilities for Public Transportation 1 credit Pedestrian Networks 1 credit Cycling Networks 2 credits Alternative Transport Options 1 credit 2.4.5 Building Resources Practice of sustainable construction to reduce the impacts due to consumption of primary resources. To lower the impact on resources, the more from less principle is applied. The need will be emphasized to maximise the use of highly resource-intensive materials through using a life cycle approach. The local materials and resources will be made good use for the construction of new communities. This criterion holds a maximum of 15 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteria: Low Impact Material (Infrastructure) 1 credit Low Impact Material (Buildings or Structures) 1 credit Regional Material 1 credit Quality in Construction 2 credits Construction Waste Management 1 credit Site Sedimentation and Pollution Control 1 credit Sustainable Construction Practice 2 credit GBI Certified Building 6 credits 2.4.6 Business Innovation To meet the basic needs and requirements of communities by increase the employment through applying several innovative ways. More employment opportunities will be provided especially for the residents who live in the township so that they can work closer to their homes and places for business to be shaped and prosper. This criterion holds a maximum of 10 points for the allocation of points in the Township Tool. The following are the key issues and assessment criteria: Business 3 credits Innovation 6 credits GBI Facilitator 1 credit 2.5 Sustainability of Township Development Many people is concerning about whether is our current township development sustainable? Was our past township development sustainable? From the information I get, most of the past township development is not sustainable. So far, only some township development can be considered as sustainable after the launching of GBI Township Rating Tool on 29 March 2011. The most commonly to be known for sustainable townships are Putrajaya and Cyberjaya. Our past township development is to be said as not sustainable because the township development does not fulfil the criteria in the GBI Township Rating Tool. For instance, sustainable transportation is one of the criteria in GBI Township Rating Tool which should be fulfilled. Public transport should be easily available for the residents of the township. The road should also be designed to minimize the occurrence of traffic jam. However, most of the residents in the past townships are facing the same biggest problem, which is the transportation pro blem. They are unsatisfied with the provision of public transport such as buses. In addition, traffic jam occurs in most of the township. A sustainable township is also means a township or city which is free of pollution. However, air pollution and sound pollution are another problems that faced by the residents of the past township. The industrial area is located just some miles away to the residential area. This is also one of the factors which cause the traffic jam. Maximizing the energy efficiency by using sustainable equipment or sustainable energy such as solar energy is also another characteristic of sustainable township development. In the past township development, the maximization of energy efficiency is not achieved. Many of the residents still fully use electricity supplied by TNB.

Truth of the Myths of Nature :: Philosophy Nature Papers

Truth of the Myths of Nature The term "nature myths" designates narratives presenting what-is as intelligible in terms of value and meaning. Such narratives function to motivate ecological activism by articulating such presuppositions as the conviction that what we do matters, destruction of nature is intrinsically wrong, and the possibility of nondestructive human beings. However, such narratives motivate only if they are regarded in some sense as true. The question is, in what sense? Not in an objectivist sense (e.g. von Ranke), since value-even if intrinsic-is a subject related reality. Not in an idealist sense (e.g. Cassirer), since they respect the autonomy of reality. Nor in a "depth" sense of expressing an alleged "essential condition of guilt" (e.g. Heidegger and Patocka), since this would remain a positivist description, albeit one level removed. Instead, I propose treating nature myths as orienting the world (e.g. Jaspers) and guiding human components therein. As such, nature myths can be said to be tr ue (as in Ricoeur’s "adamic" myth) or false (as in the myth of "Man the Master") inasmuch as they provide or fail to provide adequate guidance for sustainable coexistence with all of the Earth. The purpose of this paper is to ask in what sense, if any, ecological nature myths can be said to be not only ennobling and moving, but also in some significant sense true, able to claim a validity independent of the assent of those who tell and hear them. I wish to use the term myth rather broadly to indicate not only the alleged spontaneous outpourings from the depth of our psyche, dear to romantically inclined philosophers and psychologists, but rather all narratives which describe the cosmos and the place of humans therein in terms of relations of value and meaning rather than in terms of mathematico-causal relations in spacetime. (1) In the quaint terminology of Husserl's Ideen II, they are personalistic narratives, rendering reality intelligible in terms of personal — that is, intrinsically subject-related — categories. (2) Such narratives in fact play a crucial role in the effort to forge a sustainable mode of coexistence between humans and the rest of the creation. Humans may select the means for dealing with ecological damage in the light of natural scientific analysis but they are moved to deal with it at all by mythico-poetic articulation rather than by theoretical reconstruction of their lived experience. Thus Rachel Carson, rigorous analytical chemist, moved her fellow humans by evoking their empathy through value laden poetic imagery.

Ethnicity and Latin America Essay example -- History Latin America Ess

Ethnicity and Latin America Latin America and the American colonies were â€Å"tamed† based on completely different ideologies. From a Latin American perspective, the most important of the European explorers were of course, the Spanish and the Portuguese. These explorers arrived in Christopher Columbus’ â€Å"new world† with the express goal of bringing glory and prestige to their homeland. In stark contrast, settlers came to the colonies seeking freedom from the religious persecution in Europe. The different approaches used in each area affected how well and to what extent the African, indigenous, and European cultures combined and shaped the characteristics of the regions today. When the Europeans arrived in America in the 15th century, they encountered the American Indians for the first time. Though only some Native Americans made deliberate contact with the settlers in attempts to work peacefully, the entire population felt the new presence. In addition to the violence shown to the â€Å"savages†Ã¢â‚¬â€often in order to take their lands—diseases for which they had no immunity were introduced, therefore resulting in devastating losses of life. As attempts at civilizing the â€Å"redskins† began, some of the Natives accepted the absorption into the new society while many rejected the change and strove to maintain their culture. Years later began the long-standing and undeniably cruel establishment of slave labor in America. Whether they arrived free only to later be captured by slave catchers, or they entered by way of the West Indies as captured African â€Å"black gold†, black slaves endured over a century of oppression and di scrimination. Halfway between the end of the American Civil War and the growth of the civil rights movement, the beginn... ...Spanish and Portuguese in Latin America were far more accepting of other Europeans than of other races. To this day there remain disparities in ethnic distributions; Argentina’s population has an overwhelming 85% of European descent with very few people of mixed race, while neighboring Chile consists of 93% mestizos. The different ways in which Latin America and the United States experienced their colonization impact their societies today. Though the backgrounds of each place are different, the results were similar; the Europeans came, saw, conquered, and abused the indigenous and Africans, who built up the foundations of modern society. Despite the passage of time and wide knowledge of the horrors of our past, inequalities and prejudices against blacks and natives that began centuries ago exist even today. 1 http://www.ecrweb.org/f/March_Mission_BellW.pdf

Youth obesity

Game consoles, MacDonald's, KFC, all companies that provide entertainment and fried foods for kids are the main causers of the growing number of children becoming obese. These companies are so prevalent on today's youth's lives that they make a profound impact on their health. With the rate that these companies are expanding worldwide, the rate at which children are becoming obese is bound to become even worse. Every corner you go around especially in America you will find a fast food restaurant. This is the main reason why America has the highest youth obesity rate. During the past 30 years the percentage of obese children between the ages of 6 and 11 has tripled. It is amazing is it not all we have to do to change this is adjust our food intake and watch our daily activities so I ask of you to join me and change for the better of our own lives. There are three causes of youth obesity that stood out from the rest for me. These are poor nutrition, low self esteem and a less – active – youth. Eating healthy means taking a lot more time to prepare a meal and it costs more than a readymade, extremely fast, unwatched while being cooked and full of oil fast food meal. A lot of parents are not educated with what is right for their children to be eating. So they leave their children to enjoy what they like instead of having a balanced diet. Children's self esteems lower when they are obese because of society's influences on being thin. As they get more obese their social interactions with other youths decrease because of this influence. Now the low self esteem that develops leads to children no longer being around others thus making them become less active which helps to make children even more obese. A study performed by Research Triangle Institute International for the Centres of Disease Control in Washington, DC surveyed 986 parents on childhood obesity and prevention. The results were as follows 49.5% did not feel schools had the right to record children's weights. 72.9% felt that schools needed to provide weight loss and exercise programs. 39.1% thought an increase on the tax of fast food was constructive. 42.31% favoured the standardization of food portions in restaurants. You must be thinking that to stop obesity means we just have to remove fat from our diets. But you would be wrong stopping obesity does not just mean removing fat from your diets. Usually when people remove fat from their diet they will increase their intake of sugar, high density carbohydrates, and starches. This means you are having a low protein and fat meal which often leave people feeling hungry which leads to them filling their stomachs as soon as possible with whatever they can find to eat. That is wrong. You need to have and stick to a balanced diet. Most of us eat 3 large meals, breakfast, lunch and supper. That too is wrong. You need to eat six small meals and your last meal should be eaten at least two hours before going to sleep to allow for you to burn all fat and energy from the meal. This information was given to me by an actual dietician from CFB. Coming back to the topic of game consoles and I would like to add into that topic television. The question is, is television a friend or foe of youth obesity is what I shall answer for you. Every hour a child sits and plays a video game or watches TV they may double their risk of becoming obese. Glenda Nichols, Assistant Professor of Psychology at Tarrant County College she stated in an interview that on average a child watches or plays a video games for 7.1 hours a day. That equals to 25,000 hours of being in front of a television by the time that they would be seniors in high school. That is extremely dangerous because children are guaranteeing their chances of becoming obese. Some long term effects of childhood obesity are high cholesterol, high blood pressure, and the development of diseases such as type 2 diabetes. These are all very dangerous for the human body. But these are just a few of the many associated problems. More problems associated with obesity are: 1. Diabetes 2. Hyperlipidemia 3. Blood circulation diseases like arteriosclerosis, high blood pressure, heart disease, and palsy 4. Skin disease 5. Joint problems, back, knee, and ankle pain 6. Liver disease 7. Cholelithiasis 8. Menstrual abnormalities 9. Female infertility 10. Breast cancer 11. Endometrium cancer 12. Decline in libido 13. Mental stress We all live in a society that sends out very strong messages about beauty and body weight. Girls are encouraged to constantly diet and exercise until they attain a fit, thin body. Boys are told to constantly work out and do whatever is necessary to attain a buff, muscular figure. Am I wrong? So come on let's follow the messages society sends to all of us together. I ask all of you to not do it for me but to do it for yourself. You will not forget it especially in the long run. So come on let's get healthy.